In order to determine of physical characteristics of rice straw as an effective source of fiber in ruminants, alfalfa hay, four varieties of rice straw (Taroum Neda, Taroum Neamat, Taroum Sangi, and Asgari), and four rations that contained four varieties of rice straws were investigated. The chemical (dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), nonfiber carbohydrates (NFC) and crude protein (CP)), and physical characteristics (bulk density, water holding capacity (WHC), and soluble and insoluble DM and ash of samples, kinetics of hydration and change in functional specific gravity (FSG) and feed particle size, physically effective factor (pef)) of forages and total mixed ration (TMR) were determined. Except on ether extract and ash content, the DM, OM, NDF, NFC, and CP content of four rice straw and rations were similar but there was different among alfalfa and rice straws. The rice straws had a bulk density lesser than alfalfa. However, TMR had a similar bulk density, WHC, hydration rate, insoluble DM and ash and greater than alfalfa hay. Alfalfa had lesser WHC than rice straws and there were not different in straws. The soluble DM and FSG of rice straws were similar and lesser than those of alfalfa hay. The TMR had similar physical characteristics. Alfalfa hay had greater FSG than rice straw at all incubation times. Four rice straws and four rations were similar in in degradable NDF (iNDF) and total tract NDF digestibility (TTNDFD). Results showed that regardless the system, rice straws were similar in physically effectiveness and physically more effective than alfalfa because of having greater NDF and iNDF content, geometric mean and pef than al-falfa.

A ruminal in situ experiment using three fistulated ewes was conducted to determine dry matter (DM) and crude protein (CP) degradation of steam-flaked broomcorn (SFBr), ground broomcorn (GBr) and ground barley (GB). Grain samples were suspended in the rumen of sheep for 0, 2, 4, 8, 16, 24 and 48 h. Nylon bags were washed with tap water after removal. Effective degradability of DM at outflow rates of k = 0.05 and k = 0.08 h^-1 was significantly higher for SFBr than for GBr (59 and 53% vs. 43 and 35%). SFBr has considerably higher soluble DM than GBr and GB. Insoluble DM of SFBr was lower than that of GBr and GB. Solubility of CP in broomcorn grain was significantly decreased by steam-flaking, but degradation rate of insoluble CP was not altered. Results from this study showed that SFBr supplies the major source of availabe nutrients for rumen microorganisms compared with GBr. In other words, using the most efficient processing method for ruminants will be necessary.

Three cannulated Tswana steers were used to investigate the rumen degradability of mopane worm (Imbra-sia belina) by measuring the amount of dry matter (DM) and crude protein (CP) disappearing at incubation periods up to 72 h. The effective degradability (ED) of DM and CP in the rumen was calculated at outflow rates of 0.03 / h (ED0.03) and 0.05 / h (ED0.05). Rumen degradable CP (RDP) was estimated as the amount of CP x ED 0.05 and rumen undegraded protein (RUP) was calculated as CP minus RDP. The soluble DM, slowly degradable DM, ED0.03 and ED 0.05, and degradation rate of evacuated (i.e. fresh leaves and faecal material removed) mopane (EM) and intact mopane (IM) were similar (P>0.05).Water soluble protein fraction, slowly degradable protein, degradation rate and RDP were also similar (P>0.05) between EM and IM samples. However, EM had significantly more (P<0.01) RUP than IM samples. The current results support previously observations that removal of gut contents from mopane worms increased CP, consequently improving RUP. Further research is needed to evaluate the effects of roasting on degradability of EM and IM as well as the availability of amino acids post-ruminally.

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of generative learning teaching based to pattern cognitive Load on the memorization math of 7th grade students of in the academic year of 2021- 2022. The research method is quasi-experimental with pre-test and post-test with four groups: two control group and two experimental groups. The statistical population of the study consisted of all 7th grade male and female students of District 2 of Mashhad city that 112 person sample was selected by single stage cluster sampling method. The subjects in the experimental group involved in generative learning based to cognitive Load in 16 sessions and the control group did not receive any interventions. The research instrument consisted of a 20-questions researcher-made test. To analyze the obtained data, Multivariate analysis of covariance and SPSS version 24 software were used. The results showed that generative learning teaching based to approach cognitive Load have a positive and significant effect on 7th grade students' memorization math. Based on the findings, it can be concluded that one of the effective training on math memorization students is the use of generative learning on the based load cognitive pattern.

Two experiments were conducted to determine the nutritive value of commercially processed cottonseed meals (CSMS) in IRAN. In exp.l, CSMS were compared for chemical composition, and then were determined for nutrients digestibility and total digestible nutrient (TDN) by in vivo technique (total fecal collection method (TFCM) and mark in method (MM)) by taking into the experiment a total of four Afshari breed sheep. In exp.2, dry matter (DM) organic matter (OM) and crude protein (CP) degradability of CSMS were assessed by in situ technique for 2, 4, 6, 12, 24, 47 and 72 h in three ruminally canulated wether sheep. In order to determine the disappearance rates in 0 h, samples were washed using cold water. Sheep were fed a total mixed ration containing 70% alfalfa and 30% barley based concentrate.DM and CP were corrected for the particles loss from bags. A completely randomized design was used to compare parameters. In exp.1, CP and cell wall (NDF) in CSMS were 25.47 to 31 and 26 to 34 percent respectively. Chemical compositions of CSMS other than NDF, were lower than tabular values of National Research Council in TFCM, the differences between means of digestible CP, digestible crude fiber and TDN being significant(P<0.05). In MM, digestible CP and TDN were significant (P<0.05). There was a high correlation observed between the two methods.Differences between means of DM and CP degradability as well as CP degradability, corrected for the particle loss from bags, were significant (P<0.05).CSMS widely varied in their ruminal availability of CP and DM. This study provides an estimation of kinetics of ruminal degradation of cottonseed meals for use in dynamic models of protein and carbohydrate digestion.

Rumen degradability was determined for six wheat, three corn and three millet cultivars in six ruminally cannulated sheep. The sheep were fed a ration containing 55% alfalfa and 45% ground barley. All grains were incubated for 2, 4, 8, 12, 24 and 48 h in dacron bags (50-llm pore size). The mean soluble and degradable portions, rate of degradation and effective degradability of dry matter ranged from 3.3 to 8.2%, 80.9 to 92.8%, 5.4 to 27.5% and 44;.8 to 74.2% for wheat, corn and millet, respectively. Corresponding values for crude protein of wheat corn and millet ranged from 5.7 to 9.6%, 4$.7 to 83%, 5.3 to 28.9% and 35.1 to 78.4%, respectively. It was concluded that grains varied widely in their ruminal degradability and this information may aid in synchronizing degradation of protein and starch in the rumen to improve lactation performance.